Killer T-cell therapy shows promise against leukemia

A cancer-killing therapy that engineers a patient's own immune cells to wipe out chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has shown long-term success in a handful of people, a US study said Wednesday.

Experts said the approach is on the cutting edge of a growing field known as immunotherapy, which coaxes the body to kill off cancer and may someday revolutionize oncology by ending the use of toxic chemotherapy.

The method, known as CTL019, was developed by the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine, which is now reporting the first long-term results on a group of 14 initial patients.

Eight of the adults enrolled in the study (57 percent) responded to the treatment, with four going into long-term remission and the other four experiencing a partial response, said the findings in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

The first person to be treated recently marked five years cancer-free. Two others have made it to four and half years with no sign of cancer's return. The fourth was in remission for 21 months, then died of an infection following a surgery that was unrelated to the leukemia.

"Our tests of patients who experienced complete remissions showed that the modified cells remain in patients' bodies for years after their infusions, with no sign of cancerous or normal B cells," said senior author Carl June, professor of immunotherapy in Penn's department of pathology and laboratory medicine.

"This suggests that at least some of the CTL019 cells retain their ability to hunt for cancerous cells for long periods of time."

Four of the patients (29 percent) responded to the therapy, for a median of seven months, but their cancer eventually returned.

- How it works -

Researchers first reported initial results on three adult patients in 2011, showing that two of the three had gone into remission in the first year of treatment.

Normally, the immune system tries to attack cancer but fails because cancer can evade the body's defenses.

The experimental therapy is made from patients' own immune cells, sometimes known as T-cells, which are collected by researchers and reprogrammed to better search for and kill cancer.

They are modified to contain a protein known as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), which targets the CD19 protein found on the surface of cancerous B cells.

After the immune cells are collected and re-engineered, the patient undergoes chemotherapy to wipe out their current immune system before they are re-infused with their newly empowered immune cells.

Jacqueline Barrientos, a medical oncologist at the North Shore-LIJ Cancer Institute who was not involved in the study, described the approach as "revolutionary," because of its ability to wipe out CLL for years.

"This is an exciting time," she told AFP, adding that many experts think June is likely to win the Nobel Prize someday for shepherding in a new era of cancer treatment.

- 'Pioneers' -

Other experts say the success of immunotherapy -- particularly CAR treatments for leukemia and lymphoma -- raises new questions about what it could mean to be "cured" of cancer.

"There is certainly a potential for a cure here in some of these patients who have had prolonged remissions," said Joshua Brody, director of the lymphoma immunotherapy program at Mount Sinai Hospital.

"What if they are not cured but they have this ongoing therapy that stays inside of them and keeps fighting back cancer every time cancer rears its head?" added Brody, who was not involved in the study.

"This would be close to a cure from the patient's perspective."

Of course, the treatment did not work for everyone. In addition to the four patients whose cancer returned, six others in the 14-person trial did not respond at all.

Scientists are working hard to figure out why that group's modified T-cells did not expand in their bodies at the same rate as in those who went into long-term remission.

"The patients in this study are pioneers, whose participation has given us a foundation of knowledge and experience on which to build this new approach to help more patients," said lead author David Porter, director of Blood and Marrow Transplantation in Penn's Abramson Cancer Center.
Source: AFP